Ascorbic acid content of fruit juice Essay Example for Free

Ascorbic red-hot content of harvest-tide juice EssayOBJECTIVETo determine ascorbic erosive content in a sample of fruit juice by using titration method with 0.001M 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, C12H7O2NCl2.INTRODUCTIONimage00.pngStructure of Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid, the chemical term for vitamin C, are found naturally in fruits and green vegetables. It is a dietary requirement for normal metabolism, formation of collagen, wound healing, and tissue repair. Ascorbic acid is often use as an antioxidant to help prevent free radical damage in the skin, builds resistance to infection, aids in the prevention treatment of the common cold, and aids in the absorption of iron. Yet, vitamin C cannot be synthesized by the body, and needs to be ingested. A lack of vitamin C can cause abnormalities of the spine, scurvy, and a reduction in the ability of the body to heal wounds.The determining factors as to whether organic substances can be determined in an aqueous medium dep terminate p rimarily on the functional groups that characterise the redox properties. The determination of ascorbic acid content is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid C6H8O6 C6H6O6 + 2e- + 2H+image01.pngThe redox rigidial depends on the pH and without adequate buffering the pH at the electrode surface can be displaced by the oxidation reaction of the ascorbic acid leading to peak broadening.Vitamin C is found in fruit drinks such as orange juice and also other sources akin vegetables, liver and kidney meat. Vitamin C in forage can be destroyed by cooking, leaching out from fruits and vegetable during washing, and being oxidized when expose to the air. Thus, food that rich in vitamin C needs to be stored and prepared well.PROCEDURE1. Standardization of 0.001M 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol ancestor. 25.00mL aliquot of ascorbic acid solution was pipette into a 100mL conic flask. 0.001M 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol solution is titrated until a faint colour persist ed for at least 15 seconds.The molarity of the dye solution is calculated by the result obtained.2. Ascorbic acid concentration of fruit juice is determined.5mL of fruit juice was pipette into a 100mL conical flask. 10mL of 5M acetic acid, 5mL of acetone (prevent interference of SO2) and 30mL of water was added, then the mixture was al beginninged to stand for 5 proceedings and titrated with 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol solution.3. CuSO4 and bubbling to air.2 flasks is set up and filled with 25mL of fruit juice in each flask. 1mg of copper sulphate is added to one of the flasks and both are mystify to bubbled air for 20 minutes. The titration is repeated at the completion of the 20 minutes of air bubbling.DCPIP is a chemical compound used as a redox dye. This dye is blue in base (DCPIP-) and pink in acid (DCPIPH) and the pink form can be reduced by ascorbic acid to a colorless form (DCPIPH2).image03.pngTitration with 0.001M 2,6- dichlorophenolindophenol solutionReaction 1 DCPIP- (blue) +H+ DCPIPH (pink)Reaction 2 DCPIPH (pink) + Ascorbic acid DCPIPH2 (clear) +DehydroascorbateIf a plunge of blue DCPIP dye is added to a low pH solution (pH4.0), it allow turn pink (Reaction 1). If a suitable electron donor such as ascorbic acid is present in that solution, it will turn colorless (Reaction 2). When all of the ascorbic acid in the solution has been oxidized to dehydroascorbate, no more electrons will be available to reduce a drop of DCPIPH to the colorless form and the solution will remain pink (Reaction 2 will not take place). The end-point was a faint pink colour that persisted for 15 seconds.(http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/sosteacher/science/45432.shtml)Acetic acid added in Step 2 (iii) and Step 4 of the method will reduce the oxidation of the ascorbic acid by turn away the pH of the orange juice to retard the action of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. If the pH is reduced below 3.0, the polyphenol oxidase will be inactivated. Acetic acid also red uces interference from whatever iron present, and thereby facilitates subsequent clarification of the extract. Since the ascorbic acid is not oxidized, it was existed in L-enantiomer form. Therefore, the L-enantiomer form of ascorbic acid was determined in this experiment.( James , 1999 )(http//ag.udel.edu/other_websites/foodworkshop/WSFWorkshop/Enzymatic%20Browning%20(Ch2).htm)image04.pngFrom the experiment, the molarity of the ascorbic acid and the dye solution computed are 0.001134 mol/L and 9.8425 10-4 mol/L respectively. Hence, the concentration of the ascorbic acid in the fruit juice is 3.27mg/100ml which is much more discredit compared to the amount stated in the product label (Sunkist) in which the ascorbic acid content is 150mg/100ml. The high discrepancy between these two values might be due to the oxidization of ascorbic acid, which was exposed to the oxygen for a period of time due to the insufficient of apparatus in the laboratory. This can be improved by not exposing ascorbic acid to oxygen, metals, light and heat, as it can be oxidized easily. Therefore, it must be stored in dark and cold and but not in a metal containment.The mechanisms of ascorbic acids adulteration is commonly due to the effect of metal ions and the presence or absence of oxygen. The rate of oxidative degradation of ascorbic acids is commonly proportionate to the concentration of ascorbate monoanion (HA-), molecular oxygen and the metal ion. It is known that uncatalyzed oxidation is inheringly negligible but the presence of trace metals in food are trusty for most of the oxidative degradations. The potency of metal ions in catalyzing ascorbate degradation depends on the metal involved, its oxidation state, and the presence of cheletors. For example, Cu(II) is about 80 times more potent than Fe(III) while te chelate of Fe(II) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ETDA) complex is about 4 times more catalytic than free Fe(III). (Fennema , 1996)In this experiment, the poten cy of copper (II) sulfate in catalyzing ascorbate degradation was tested. One of the conical flask with only fruit juice act as control. It is titrated with 44.70ml of DCPIP for oxidation to occur. On the other hand, another conical flask with fruit juice and 1 mg of copper sulfate titrated with only 11.70ml of DCPIP for oxidation to occur. It is proven that the presence of metal ions responsible for accelerates the rate of degradation of ascorbic acid in an air-saturated fruit juice as less DCPIP is needed. During the step 5, bubbling through air is employ to the ascorbic acid to enhance the oxidation of ascorbic acid by the catalyst, copper. If not, it will consume a lot of time before the reaction can take place.Advantages2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol served as a good electron acceptor.DCPIP is used as the titrant because it only oxidises ascorbic acid and not other substances that might be present and it acts as a self-indicator in the titrationIt is reasonably accurate, rapid, and convenient.Can be applied to many different types of samples.DisadvantagesThe end point of a titration for this reaction is difficult to ascertain due to the lack of complete decolourisation of the DCPIP.These methods are not specific or are not very sensitive.The reagent itself is not stable and needs standardization before use.If the sample solution is intensely coloured (fruit juice or syrup), end point detection will be difficult.Better choice for vitamin CAccording to the hypothesis, content of vitamin C in fresh fruit is suppose to be higher than commercial packet fruit juice. Due to a lot of processing, most of the vitamin C in commercial fruit juice are destroy.The few amounts of millilitres of juice it took to turn DCPIP from blue to clear, the larger the amount of vitamin C there was in the drink. Many of the commercial fruit juice are heavily alter with vitamin C.ConclusionThe molarity of the ascorbic acid and the dye solution computed are 0.001134 mol/L and 9.8425 10-4 mol/L respectively. The concentration of the ascorbic acid in the fruit juice is3.27 mg/100mL which is much more lower than the ascorbic acid content of the label product (15 mg/100mL). this might be due to the oxidation of ascorbic acid.Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential to humans. It is involved in the synthesis of collagen, which is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. A deficiency of vitamin C results in a complaint called scurvy. A quantity of 60 mg vitamin C per day is enough to prevent the disease, and this is the recommended daily dietary allowance (RDA).(http//a-s.clayton.edu/ptodebus/CHEM1211/lab/experiments/Vitamin%20C/Vit%20C%20titration%20v1.doc)REFERENCESCeirwyn S.James , 1999, Analytical Chemistry of Foods , An Aspen Publications , foliate 138,139Owen R. Fennema, 1996, Food Chemistry, Third Ed., Marcel Deeker,Inc., pg 561,562http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/sosteacher/science/45432.shtmlhttp// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=7016874dopt=Abstracthttp//darwin.nmsu.edu/blyons/BCHE_397/VitaminC.htmhttp//www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/docs/vitc.pdfhttp//journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/issues/kim-02-26-5/kim-26-5-8-0106-6.pdfsearch=Determination%20of%20ascorbic%20acid%20by%20DCPIPIntroductionhttp//www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_fruit_vitamin_c.htmhttp//ag.udel.edu/other_websites/foodworkshop/WSFWorkshop/Enzymatic%20Browning%20(Ch2).htmhttp//a-s.clayton.edu/ptodebus/CHEM1211/lab/experiments/Vitamin%20C/Vit%20C%20titration%20v1.doc

Influence Of Demographics On Leadership Styles

figure out Of Demographics On Leadership StylesQuantitative research methodology were applied in this subject atomic number 18a to identify leadinghip sprints in current pronounce Muslim lodgeing managers need to be roaring in their position, This study also integrated quantitative methodology to explain current state Islamic Banking leading in terms of their demographics and leading styles.The primary purpose of this study was to identify and describe the drawshiphiphip styles of current managers or leaders in Islamic Banking, in terms of their leading styles and their demographics (autocratic, popular, and laissez faire),( g fireer, age, Tenure) in describing current managers.IntroductionManagers atomic number 18 people who do things right, man leaders be people who do the right thing. mickle who earth-closet crook the carriages of others, Are able to do work without having to rely on force, are accepted by others as leaders, who exhibit the lead practice chance uponsay the Process are not bound by the status quo, are open to innovation, and encourage risk-taking at bottom the organization, Inspire a Shared Vision are able to look ahead and see what the organization can be while at the same time enlisting the efforts of others in the achieving the super acid goals of the organizational vision, By engaging in behaviors characteristic of the Enabling Others to Act practice transfer queen to others in the culture of the organization, componenticipate others in the decision fashioning processes and ultimately build trust and mutual respect among each other.Leaders also Model the Way set examples by adhering to the same rules and expectations of others within the organization, also utilize the Encourage the Heart practice recognize the contributions of individuals and celebrate the accomplish manpowerts of others.This paper, therefore addressed the following specific objectives1. Does leadership styles matter?2. To explain the in fluence of demographic variables (gender, age, Tenure) on the leadership styles.HistoryIn order to begin perceptiveness the concept of leadership, we must be aware of the theories of leadership as a whole.(Yukl 2002) classified practical research and leadership theories into five approaches the trait approach, the behavioral approach, the billet-influence approach, the situational approach, and the integrative approach. Studies that live with been conducted within these approaches to leadership feel made distinct contributions to our under(a)standing of what leadership is, and each approach continues to influence our thinking about leadership as a process (Nahavandi).ApproachesThe Trait Approach leadership mentioned specific attributes of leaders much(prenominal) as individuality, motives, values, and skills (Yukl 2002). The basic statement that guided the trait leadership studies was that leaders possessed certain traits that other people did not possess. In factual meaning , the trait approach assumed that leaders were born, not made.The Behavioral Approach After the studies conducted apply the trait approach failed to produce certain result, many researchers began using a behavioral approach to study leadership. Researchers began looking into what leaders actually did on the job (Yukl 2002). According to Yukl, research conducted under the behavioral approach waterfall into one of two subcategories how leaders benefit from their time and the typical pattern of actions, tasks, and functions of their jobs, and identifying effective leadership behavior.The Power-Influence Approach According to (Yukl 2002), this type of approach to leadership involves the study of the influence that takes place between leaders and other people. Studies that hasten been conducted with this approach generally concentrate on leadership in terms of the amount of power possessed by a leader, the different types of power, and how power was exercised (Yukl 1989).The Situation al Approach The situational approach mentioned the importance of get hold of factors in the study of leadership. (Yukl 1989, 2002) determine the following contextual factors the leaders authority and maturity, and the units who can perform leader tasks, the personality of the followers, the type of organization, and the nature of the exterior environment.The Integrative Approach Researchers using the integrative approach to leadership rest of more(prenominal) than one type of leadership variable, much(prenominal) as trait, behavior, influence processes, and situational variables (Yukl 2002). (Bass 1990 52-76) stressed the importance of including more than one type of leadership variable in research involving leaders and leadership when he verbalize, cognitive, behavioral, and interactional explanations are likely to be needed to account fully for leader-follower relations and outcomes from them. He further stated that leadership must be conceived in terms of the interaction of variables that are in constant flux.Leadership theories such as charismatic and transformational leadership are good examples of an integrative approach to leadership. These theories are broader in scope they simultaneously involve leader traits, power, behavior, and situational variables (Yukl 1989 270).Leadership Styles(Bass 1990) He talked about leadership as a procedure of interaction, between individuals and classifys that includes a structured or restructured situation.Leadership can be explained as the ability of an individual to have power that foc practises on how to found directions by holding forces (Go et al. 1996). From an organizational view, (Schermerhorn 1999) believed that most important is a process workd to motivate and to influence others to work hard in order to achieve and backup organizational goals, while (Hersey et al. 2001) believed that leadership effect individuals behavior ground on individuals and organizational goals. (Robbins 2001) defined lead ership as the ability of an individual to affect the behavior of a group to achieve organizational goals. It is possible to conclude from these discussions that leadership is a group of phenomena, where by leaders are distinctive from their followers, and can influence individuals activities to achieve set goals in their organizations.Leadership style is defined as the pattern of behaviors that leaders display during their work with and through others (Hersey and Blanchard 1993). (Miller et al. 2002) view leadership style as the way of interactions between leaders and followers. It includes controlling, directing, definitely all techniques and methods used by leaders to motivate followers to follow their directions. According to (Kavanaugh and Ninemeier 2001), there are three factors that determine the type of leadership style leaders characteristics, subordinates characteristics and the organization environment. More specifically, the personal background of leaders such as personal ity, familiarity, values, and experiences shapes their feelings about appropriate leadership that determine their specific leadership style employees also have different personalities, backgrounds, expectations and experiences, for example, employees who are more knowledgeable and experienced may work nearly under a democratic leadership style, while employees with different experiences and expectations require a autocratic leadership style. Some factors in the organization environment such as organizational climate, organization values, composition of work group and type of work can also influence leadership style. However, leaders can adapt their leadership style to the perceived preferences of their subordinates (Wood 1994).Leadership styles can be classified depend on leaders power and behavior as autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, where styles are peremptory by the influence leaders have on subordinates (Mullins 1998) (Rollinson 2005). More specifically, power has be en considered as the potential of a process to influence people (Hersey et al. 2001) a part of the influence process at the eye of leadership (Northouse 2004) and the rights that allow individuals to take decisions about specific matters (Rollinson 2005). The influence of leadership will change depending on types of power used by a leader all over their followers (Mullins 1998). Therefore, leaders will be more effective when they know and understand the appropriate physical exertion of power (Hersey et al. 2001). According to (Kavanaugh and Ninemeier 2001) an autocratic style is embedded in leaders who have authority for decision making without sharing it with their subordinates, while a democratic style implies that leaders share their authority of decision making with employees, and finally a laissez-faire style exists where leaders give their employees least authority over decision making.Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles(Burns 1978) talked about leadership styles as transactional and transformational leadership, these styles are at the opposite ends of the same scale. He mentioned that transactional leadership is a way on interactions between leaders and followers in which something of value was exchanged, such as rewards for performance, however, transformational leadership occurring when leaders and followers interacted in such a way to achieve a high level of need in both the leader and the follower are in the same road.(Bass 1985) mentioned that the leader should involve in both transactional and transformational leadership behaviors. Transformational leadership is not an alternative for transactional leadership, but rather tends to add to its effectiveness (Bass 1997).Bass mentioned that the transactional leader as individual who worked within the organizational culture of the group to know and explain the duties and tasks of followers to achieve the targeted objectives and outcomes.These outcomes were achieved when the leader t alk terms with followers (Bass 1985). In other words, transactional leaders explain to followers what is required of them and then negotiate with them to see if they understood the requirements, either the promise of reward for good performance or the threat of punishment for bad performance (Bass 1990). (Bass 1985,1990) identified four characteristics of transactional leaders contingent reward This means when the followers stick to the order and achieved the requirements set by the leader, then the leader give the followers a bonus or reward for their performance.Active management by exception In which the leaders monitor and control mistakes of followers and take actions to correct it.Passive management by exception In which the leader only intervenes in a followers work if the requirements are not met. Finally, laissez-faire leadership in which the leader avoids righteousness and decision-making when performance and goals are not met. Laissez-faire leadership can actually be con sidered a non-leadership factor as it represents the absence of leadership (Northouse 2001).Bass characterized transformational leaders as persons who encourage followers to do more than they originally expected to maximize their original level of confidence towards accomplishing desired outcomes.Transformational leadership occurs when a leader extend the level of understanding about the importance and value of desired outcomes, expands the wants and needs of followers, and gets followers to exceed their own self-interest for the sake of the group (Bass 1985). (Bass 1990) identified four characteristics of transformational leaders charisma in which the leader is able to provide followers with a mental picture, send out a logic mission, gain respect and trust, and inspire belief in followers, inspiration in which the leader provides examples and patterns for the follower through symbols and images, emotional appeals, and communicating high expectations, intellectual stimulation in w hich the leader stimulates followers to think in new ways, increase intelligence and wisdom, and encourage problem solving.Individualized consideration in which the leader provides a helpful and coaching environment such that each follower is treated as a valued individual.Relationship between Leadership Style and Leadership / solicitude TheorySome studies have mentioned the differences between management and leadership to the difference between transactional and transformational leadership.(Bennis and Nanus 1997) noted that management normally consists of a set of exchanges whereas the end result of leadership is empowerment, this results of exchange leads to a clear success of any individuals. From this standpoint, management can be viewed from tow perspectives one is performed by transactional leaders while the other can be seen as those activities performed by transformational leaders.Management and leadership are different in functions, however, we cant separate management fro m leadership because we have an amount of overlap exists between the two. Any organizations need both effective management and leadership to reach the desired outcomes. The role of management can be compared to transactional leadership in which followers must meet the expectations of their leaders based on contracts and performance requirements. Under most situations, this may be an effective way.Influence of Demographics on Leadership StylesNumerous studies have been conducted in the field of leadership that has addressed the influence of selected demographic characteristics of individuals on their leadership style. Some studies have focused on the influence of the characteristics on the self-perceived leadership style of the individual, others have focused on the perceptions of followers related to an individuals leadership style and the influence of these characteristics, and still others have involved the perceptions of both the leaders and their followers. (Krishnan and Park 19 98) noted that demographic characteristics do exert considerable influence on the leadership styles of top managers. (Hambrick and Mason 1984) proposed that demographic traits such as age, raise in an organization, functional area background, educational background, and degree of formal management training are all important aspects of leadership that influence organizational success.Gender Differences in leadership styles between men and women are one of the most well researched aspects of leadership. There are two study schools of thinking on gender differences and leadership, one that says there are distinct differences and the other that says there are no differences in the preferred leadership styles of men and women, several studies have been conducted to determine if male or female leaders are more transformational.(Eagly and Johnson 1990) found that women tend to use a more participative and umbrella style while men tend to use a more order and controlling style.This resul t indicates that women use more transformational styles while men use more transactional styles. This conclusion is supported by other studies that found women more likely to use transformational leadership than men and that men were more likely to use transactional leadership as their primary style (Druskat 1994) ( Rosener 1990).Age Several studies examining the relationship between age and leadership style have been conducted organizations other than Extension. (Vroom and Pahl 1971) Talked about the elder and younger managers, the older managers tend to be more loyalty than the younger managers, more careful about things and decision, not been acceptable of risks and challenges, otherwise, younger managers had less commitment and prefers to take risks on their actions.Tenure Studies have been conducted that evaluate the relationship between an individuals leadership style and their tenure within an organization as well as their tenure in leadership positions. (Bantel and Jackson 1989) found that the more tenure of the top management team within the independent financial institutions they studied had the more likely they were to resist innovation and organizational change.In real meaning, if managers had more tenure with in any organization, he tried to resist all Improvements can affects the whole company.Lebanese caseThe Role of Islamic BankingIslamic banking was created to concern and develop on the communities that it serves.Islamic banking requires promoting the ideal of successful society and secure economy, based on the Islamic ideas of brotherly equality, ethics and empathy.Islamic banking challenges the concept of disparity in offering banking services to people of various social standings and endeavor for social tuning between different classes.Yet, Islamic banking is a commercially applicable way of banking, which shows an alternative financial architecture on economic base.Evolution of Islamic BankingRecent Islamic banking practices can be trac ked hundreds of years back to the days of Prophet Mohamad. At that time, the Prophet performed as a mudarib or element for his wife Khadiga who contingent him with a certain capital or goods for trade. Afterwards, the Prophet (PBUH) reimbursed the capital and the profit was shared between the two parties.Throughout the years, Muslim bankers and spectral scholars struggled to devise financial meanss that integrate Islamic values with banking activities. Though profit was important, nevertheless, said instruments were needed to promote ethical and transparent financing, equitable distribution of wealth, and rightfulness participation in the economy.In the late 50s, the first efforts to create an Islamic financing environment emerged in Pakistan.Nevertheless, modern Islamic banking first appeared, on a small scale, in Egypt early in the 60s. Following the oil boom in the 70s, Islamic banking flourished in the Arab world, and then spread out into the Middle East, Iran, and southeas t Asia. In the mid 70s, the worlds first full-fledged Islamic bank was established in UAE.Because of its ethical and moral principles, Islamic banking has gradually succeeded in achieving universal borrowing and attracted funds from both Muslims and non-Muslims alike.Currently, more than 300 Islamic banks are present on the five continents of the world, operating in more than 60 different countries such as the UK, the US, France, Germany, Denmark, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Bahamas, Cyprus, Pakistan, India, and of course the Arab world.With an annual harvest rate of 15% to 20%, Islamic banks assets exceeded $ 500 billion by end of 2007. Islamic banking is maintaining its impressive growth world encompassing, yet at a faster pace than conventional banking, to become an actual globalization phenomenon.Islamic banking was introduced to the Lebanese market in the early 90s under a commercial banking license. All transactions strived to offer conventional banking products and service s in compliance with Sharia based on two regulations.Fiduciary contracts law.investment funds banking general directives.DATA COLLECTIONThe targeted area contains all managers who worked at Islamic banking This study used one mechanism to collect data from one matched sample frames in Islamic banking. Using leadership styles mechanism for managers.The leadership styles questionnaire was adapted from the leadership styles survey originally consisting of 18 statements This questionnaire is designed to measure three common styles of leadership authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire, A five points scale was used in the instruments, where (1) equals strongly disagree, and (5) equals strongly agree.The questionnaires were handed over to the HR departments who in turn distributed 160 leadership styles questionnaires to the managers.From the respondents returned 110 out of 160, usable survey in this study was 110 questionnaires for data analysis.Also examine the Demographic character istics of the participants on leader ship styles adept hundred and ten managers participated in this study. One hundred were males and the others were females. Most participants (n=78) were aged between 26- 35 years. The majority of participants (n=96) were degree holders. The highest number of participants (n=40) had 2-4 years of service. The majority of participants (62) were middle managersAnalysis discussionInternal consistency tests were conducted on instrument. The results indicated an overall percentage of leadership styles. The details of these results are shown in TableInternal consistency of the instrument%Autocratic style36Democratic style63Laissez -faire style11According to (White and Lippitt), democratic leader possesses low goals and means control, and utilizes high motivation of group procedures.Leadership style refers to a way of behavior used by managers and leaders across a wide range of managerial situations.These styles that are largely responsible for creating the organizational environment in which team members are expected to perform.Islamic Banking shows that the most effective leaders use a wide range of styles, adapting readily to the needs of particular situations and accurately choosing the right styles for the moment.I did find that a democratic leadership style was the most popular and successful of the three types. However, there was little suggestion with democratic leaders achieved that increases productivity or superior behavior among their members. I do caution with laissez-faire leaders to remain aware of the risk that require of structure can actually be troublemaking.In this study, managers showed different leadership styles preferences based on their demographic profiles (age, gender, and education), tenure and organizational position. This study showed that males, older managers, degree holders, experienced managers, and middle managers had a higher preference toward democratic leadership styles than other styles based on leadership styles questioner above. These findings are consistent with some previous findings such as those by Yousef (1998) who found that managers age, education, and experience had a relationship with their leadership style. Oshagbemi and Gill (2004) indicated differences among leadership styles based on hierarchal level. On the other hand, this study also disagrees with previous work such as Yousef (1998) who showed that managers gender and tenure did not have a relationship with their leadership style. Rad and Yarmohammadin (2006) found no link with demographic profiles other than experience. The current study, therefore, concludes that all leadership styles exist in Islamic banking, but that the democratic style was the prevalent leadership styles.Recommendations ConclusionAs with any academic study, there are limitations that limit the generalizability of this study. The first limitation that must be considered is related to the nature of the Bank being studied. Because t his study will be conducted within the Islamic Bank State Research, Education, which is a unique Bank in terms of its structure and function, the findings, will not be generalizable to other organizations.The study will even so contribute useful information and recommendations for researchers.establish upon the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations were madeUnderstanding leadership style helps to classify strengths and weaknesses. You can be positive and more successful as a leader by strategically using strengths and focusing on weaker points. Leadership style defines standards and perspective, and being aware of it will support your communication with other followers. As the saying goes, knowledge is a strong weapon and power tool. You can give power to yourself and move forward in job or importance by increase this knowledge.In this study, gender had no effect on overall leadership styles, perceived proficiency in the leadership styles areas. Based on this finding, gender should not be a basis of discrimination when hiring Islamic bank leaders.The study found that there were also significant differences in leadership style delinquent to managers demographic characteristics, and that the democratic leadership style was preferred among managers, I suggest that most successful leaders are able to adjust their behavior as circumstances dictate to effect positive outcomes.Finally, I recommend that Islamic bank leaders remain focused on addressing concerns within their control, such as implementing best practices, promoting , organized and unified team, determining specific roles and responsibilities for members, adhering to the agreed upon decision-making process, and regularly assessing fees.

Annotated Bibliography: Nursing Care of Patient With Stroke

Annotated Bibliography Nursing Care of Patient With StrokeThis annotated bibliography will discuss three pieces of literatures, which entangle a plane section of health constitution. Demonstrating an understanding of the chosen words with the use of additional literatures to analyse identify and explore learning and how it will influence the breast feeding make do of patient with stroke. Furthermore, the analysis of how the literature search was performed, the database used, search term used, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the findings and exploration of why the literature was chosen will be identified. lookup StrategyDatabase such as CINAHL plus, British Nursing Index and plane section of Health policy was utilised to acquire relevant articles and guideline relating to stroke (Achterberg, Schoonhoven Grol, 2008). This was searched exploitation keywords such as self- care CVA, self-care worry, with the use of the Boolean instrument OR, AND and IN which helped expand and narrow the search criteria (Petersen, 2010). To carry turn out the first search the keywords self-care management was inserted and it came up with 1878 hits, again Boolean operator OR was used to refine the search. tho the hits were large at 40361 hits, the Boolean operator IN was inserted which gave less than 1657 hits. Moreover, when the search keywords self-care stroke was inserted to the database it came up with 1831 hits, however when the Boolean operator AND was added the number of hits had reduced to 51.To further narrow the search to get tokenish and relevant information relating to stroke, the source used the advance search marionettes by limiting the search to UK only, publications dates within 6years and excluding international. As a result of this, the first article had 30 results, second article had 500 results and the third article had 321 results. From this, the writer read 10 abstracts each from the articles that were more suitable for the research. From the ten abstract read, the writer was able to come to conclusion by choosing 1 article from each search as it contains appropriate information regarding nursing care for patient with stroke.However the policy was found using the DoH website as the database used to find the other articles were not appropriate for finding a guideline. This was search using keywords self MANAGEMENT FOR STROKE, in which gave the writer suitable information relating to stroke and how it influence nursing care (reference)Annotated Article 1Joice, S. (2012). Self-Management following Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (22), 39-46In this article the author defines the concept of self-management and describes psychological theories and emerging behaviour change techniques that take holds can use to promote positive self-care in patients who have had a stroke (McCabe Timmins, 2013). They identify the importance that nurses are in the main position to combine a wide range of behaviour change techniques that can be m odify to different patients (Egan, 2009). They also identify the importance of nurses cr take in a therapeutic relationship through communication as it enhances the delivery of care provided (Palmer, 2000). Additionally, by providing utile communication between the nurse and patient it encourages them to take more interest in their condition and develop greater understanding and confidence in self-care management (McCabe Timmins, 2013).Many authors such as Burnard (2003), Barrett, Komaromy, Robb and Rodger (2004) and Bach and Grant (2011) agree that communication is the most important therapeutic skill compulsory for nurses. Whilst Schuster (2000) highlights that nurses must also be able to appreciate non-verbal communication, through eye contact and touch, as it is a crucial method to creating a rapport and trusting relationship with their patient forwards verbal communication commences.The article also identified the challenges nurses face when delivering self-management after stroke, as different policies, authors or researchers may not use same explanation of self-management (Newman, Steed Mulligan 2009). Therefore, nurses have to interpret documents and apply them in different environment. Lorig Holman (2003) supports that self-management is poorly theorised, which means lack of knowledge restrict both the nurses and patients from facilitating self-care management (White, Duncan and Baumle, 2011)Although it identifies the importance of idiosyncratics attitudes and beliefs towards recovery and response to rehabilitation, the attitudes and beliefs of the nurse also plays a role (Young and Forster, 2007). However Daniel, Grendall Wilkins (2008) states the importance of valuing peoples attitude and beliefs as it determines their motivation to enroll in self- care. Therefore nurses have to be sensitive to that fact that all patients share different beliefs regarding health care issues. (Barker, 2009)The overall article highlighted the importance of nu rses usage of different behaviour change techniques to promote positive self-management after stroke. It also identifies nurses as the main provider in promoting self-care to patients and their families in ordinance to improve the outcome.Annotated Article 2Rowat, A. (2011). Malnutrition and Dehydration after Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (14), 42-46The aim of the article was to encourage nurses to identify the frequency and fares of malnutrition and dehydration, consider the complications it can cause and to be aware of the victuals strategies. They identify that patient presented with stroke should be assessed within the first 48 hours and swallowing should be assessed before giving any food, peregrine or oral medication (NICE, 2008).They identify the video-fluoroscopy test used to observe the patient swallowing process. However the test is not practical for assessing patient with stroke as they are unable to sit independently as well as endure movement of their head (Rowe DA ntonio, 2005, Jacobsson et al, 2000). Although the video-fluoroscopy is used to detect dysphagia, it is believed to be an perfidious source as it does not identify how the patient should be fed when they return to the ward (Clayton, Jack, Ryall, Tran, Hilal Gosney 2006).The use of different trials carried out by Dennis, Lewis Warlow (2005) supports lasts about feeding patients after stroke as it illustrates the significance of enteral tube feeding reducing risks of death at 6months. The article also identifies alternative evaluation tool Fibre optic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) has been developed as it can be used at the bedside to establish the movement of fluid and food in the larynx (Ramsey, Smithard Kalra, 2003). However it still requires a skilled operator to administer the swallowing test, therefore the person administering the tests must fetch sufficient education and training in order to carry out the test accurately (Rodgers, 2005).It identifies the impo rtance of nurses using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool as it is a valid and reliable nutritionary screening tool used in hospital setting, as high number of patient with stroke experience malnutrition (NICE, 2008). However the tool is not item to stroke and would not identify reasons the patient is malnourished, but it enables the nurses to identify the patients who need to refer to speech and language therapist (Hickson, 2006).The overall article informs nurses of the common complication arising from stroke and the tools used to examine. It also identifies the importance of teamwork between nurses and speech and language therapy in maintaining the nutrition and hydration status of the patient after stroke.Annotated PolicyDepartment of Health. (2007). national Stroke Strategy. London HMSOThe strategy has been put in place as it provide a quality framework against which local services can unattackable improvements to stroke services and address health inequalities invol ving stroke within ten years, provide advice, guidance and support for commissioners, strategic health authorities, the voluntary sector and social care, in the planning, development and monitoring of services and inform the expectations of those affected by stroke and their families, by providing a guide to high-quality health and social care services.The Department of Health (2007) established a national strategy for stroke facilities in England. According to DoH (2007), almost 110,000 people under the age of 65 in England have a stroke yearly and 20-30% of those people pass away within a month. They identified Stroke as the main cause of baulk within adults and costing the NHS and economy 7 billion yearly as suggested by (Leatherman, Sutherland Airoldi 2008). The DoH developed the strategy as a result of an exhibit based practice (Keele, 2011), which suggest what needs to be done by recommending nurses to use the care pathway to deliver an effective care to patients with stro ke (Barker, 2013).The policy was implemented to remodel the services provided to the patients, ensuring they receive the best care using resources available. However due to some nurses lack of knowledge, it could limit the resources being used efficaciously (Rodgers, 2005).Although the policy supports the involvement of patients and family with stroke by involving them in care planning (Benner, Kyriakidis Stannard, 2011). However the policy identifies that this can prove to be less effective when communication with the patient due to either physical disability or limited communication as a result of the severity of their stroke (DoH,2007).Therefore the policy identifies how to move effectively with the patient by maintaining their dignity (Masters, 2014).Overall the policy highlights the important of nurses being updated frequently on different tools available to use when caring for their patient. This ensures the patients receive an up-to-date care and restricts their stay in h ospital.To conclude, the writer has demonstrated understanding of the articles and policy chosen, by using literatures to analyse and explore further reading concerning how it influences the nursing care of the stroke patient. This has equipped the writer on how effective high quality care should be delivered to patients effectively.ReferencesAchterberg, T.V, Schoonhoven, L Grol, R. (2008). Nursing implementation science How secern based nursing requires evidence- based implementation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(4), 302-310.Bach, S. Grant, A. (2011). communication and interpersonal skills in nursing. (2nd ed). Great Britain Short Run Press.Barker, A.M. (2009). Advanced practice nursing all important(p) knowledge for the profession. USA Jones and bartlett pear Publishers.Barker, J. (2013). Evidence based practice for nurses. (2nd ed.). LondonSAGE.Barret, S., Komaromy, C., Robb, M. Rodgers, A. (2004).Communication, relationship and care A reader. USA Routledge.Benner, P., Kyriakidis, P.H. Stannard, D. (2011). Clinical wisdom and interventions in keen and critical care A thinking-in-action approach. (2nd ed.). New York Springer Publishing.Burnard,P. (2003). Ordinary chat and therapeutic conversation Phatic communication and mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and amiable Nursing, 10 (6), 678-682.Clayton, J., Jack, C.I., Ryall, C., Tran, J., Hilal, E. Gosney, M. (2006). Tracheal pH monitoring and aspiration in acute stroke. Age and Ageing. 5 (1), 47-53.Daniels, R, Grendell, R Wilkins, F.R. (2008). Nursing fundamentals caring and clinical decision making. (2nd ed). USA Cengage Learning.Dennis, M.S., Lewis, S.C. Warlow, C. Food Trial Collaboration (2005b). Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeling for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD) a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 365, 9461, 764-772.Egan, G. (2009). The skilled assist A problem management and opportunity-development approach to helping. (9th ed.). USA C engage Learning.Hickson, M. (2006). Malnutrition and ageing. Postgraduate medical checkup Journal. 82 (963), 2-8.Jacobsson, C., Axelsson, K., Osterlind, P.O. Norberg, A. (2000). How people with stroke and healthy older people experience the eating process. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (2), 255-264.Joice, S. (2012). Self-Management following Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (22), 39-46Keele, R. (2011). Nursing research and evidence based practice Ten steps to success. USA Jones Bartlett Learning.Lorig, K. Holman, H.R. (2003). Self-Management education History, definition,outcomes and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioural Medicine. 26 (1), 1-7.Leatherman, S., Sutherland, K. Airold, M. (2008). Bridging the quality gap Stroke. Retrieved March, 9, 2014 from http//www.wales.nhs.uk/documents/bridging_the_quality_gap.pdfMasters, K. (2014). Role development in professional nursing practice. (3rd ed). USA Jones and Bartlett Publishers.McCabe, C Timmins, F. (2013). Communication skills for nur sing practice. (2nd ed). UK Palgrave Macmillian.Newman, S., Steed, L. Mulligan, K. (2009). Chronic physical illness Self-management and behavioural intervention. England Open University Press.Palmer, S. (2000). Introduction to counselling and psychotherapy. London SagePetersen, R. (2010). Ubuntu 10.04 LTS desktop handbook. USA Surfing Turtle Press.Ramsey, D.J., Smithard, D.G. Kalra, L. (2003). early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 34 (5), 1252-1257.Rodger, B.L. (2005). Developing nursing knowledge Philosophical traditions and influences. USA Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Rowat, A. (2011). Malnutrition and Dehydration after Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (14), 42-46Rowe, M.R DAntonoio, L.L. (2005). Velopharyngeal dysfunction Evolving developments in evaluation. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 13 (6), 366-370.Schuster, P. (2000). Communication the key to the therapeutic relationship. Phiadelphia F.A. Davis Co mpany.United Kingdom. Department of Health. (2007). National Stroke Strategy. London HMSO.United Kingdom. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). Stroke National Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Initial Management of shrewd Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack. Clinical Guideline No.68. London HMSO.White, L., Duncan, G Baumle, W. (2011). Foundation of basic nursing. (3rd ed). USA Cengage Learning.Young, J Forster, A. (2007). Review of stroke rehabilitation. British Medical Journal. 334 (7584), 86-90.

Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal Essay -- Jonathan Swift’s A Modest

Jonathan agiles A Modest ProposalIn Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal, published in 1729, Swift engages in an extraordinary amount of irony and satire. Swift states that in order to reduce famine in Ireland and to resolve the problems that they are having that eating children would be a good solution. This is not the purpose of Swifts essay. The real intent was to get the people of Britain to notice that the ideas that they were advance up with were not any(prenominal) better than his satirical one, and new ideas and efforts needed to come forth in order to solve the problem.Swift stresses that it is hard for mothers to hand over for their children and it is not getting any easier. He feels that this is due to an overpopulation and lack of food. It is hard enough for these mothers to... Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay -- Jonathan Swifts A Modest Jonathan Swifts A Modest ProposalIn Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal, published in 1729, Swift engages in an extraordinary amount of irony and satire. Swift states that in order to reduce famine in Ireland and to solve the problems that they are having that eating children would be a good solution. This is not the purpose of Swifts essay. The real intent was to get the people of Britain to notice that the ideas that they were coming up with were not any better than his satirical one, and new ideas and efforts needed to come forth in order to solve the problem.Swift stresses that it is hard for mothers to provide for their children and it is not getting any easier. He feels that this is due to an overpopulation and lack of food. It is hard enough for these mothers to...

Self-Discovery in Oates Naked Essay -- Oates Naked Essays

Self-Discovery in Oates Naked While other, less accomplished writers utilisation force out to shock or provoke, Joyce Carol Oates is usually more subtle and inventive. Such is the case in Naked, the story of a forty-six year hoary fair sex whose placid outer identity is ripped away by a brutal assault while out hiking not far from her fashionable, University Heights neighborhood. alike many of Oates storiesand in this regard she probably owes something to Flannery OConnorNaked focuses on a woman so entrenched in her rigid self-image that nothing short of violence could make her vulnerable to a humbling, though redemptive, self knowledge. The protagonist, a stolid, college administrator, prides herself on her liberal views and anti-racist, fair mindedness. Curiously, she remains unnamed throughout the story, though not without reason. Her namelessness brings us closer to her inner world while at the same time obliquely suggesting that, given these same violent circumstances, sh e could be anyone, even you or me. Names represent a kind of social identity, and Oates main interest here is in exploring what might happen when her characters social framework and the comfortably predictable life that goes with it are suddenly, and irrevocably, taken away. This, of course, is precisely what happens. What then, Oates seems to be asking, would be left? The answer, which is feverishly detailed in the remaining thirteen pages of this sixteen page story, is something this woman would never have asked for nor anticipated. Like most people in her social sphere, the woman takes for granted the civility and restraints that have kept her, prior to her attack, comfortably unfreeze from the personal chaos that violence unleashes. All of... ...the story concludes with the woman crouched, still naked, in the underbrush below her house and marveling how strange it is to be seeing her hubby at last after having wanted so desperately to get home, and yet now feeling no emotio n at what she saw. (138) Works Cited Hillman, James. Eranos Lectures 8, On Paranoia, by Hillman. Dallas Spring Publications, 1986. Oates, Joyce Carol. Naked. Heat and Other Stories. By Oates. New York Plume, 1991. Robinson, Sally Heat and Cold Recent Fiction by Joyce Carol Oates, Michigan every quarter Review, Vol. XXXI, 1992. Notes 1. Robinson, Sally. Heat and Cold Recent Fiction by Joyce Carol Oates. Michigan Quarterly Review, Vol. XXXI, 1992. In Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 108. 383. 2. Hillman, James. Eranos Lectures 8, On Paranoia. Spring Publications, 1986. 13-14.

business release :: essays research papers

FDA APPROVES REFRACTECs CKSM (Conductive KeratoplastySM) NON-LASER PROCEDURE FOR FARSIGHTEDNESS CK Uses Radiofrequency Energy, Instead of a Laser, to Reshape the Cornea Without Cutting or Removing TissueIRVINE, Calif., April 16, 2002 Ophthalmic thingummy manufacturer Refractec Inc. today announced that the U.S. f atomic number 18 and Drug Administration has approved CK (Conductive Keratoplasty), a procedure for prospicientness (hyperopia) in plurality everywhere age 40. CK utilizes the controlled turn over of radiofrequency (RF) energy, instead of a laser or scalpel, to reshape the cornea. The minimally invasive CK procedure takes less than three minutes and is d star in-office with only topical (eye drop) anesthesia. Farsightedness, which occurs when the cornea is alike flat or the eye is withal short, is the or so common vision disorder in America and affects more than 60 million people over age 40. Symptoms include difficulty adaptation menus, a computer screen and seei ng to drive at night, or the need to constantly reposition reading material material to find the right focus. For years, the farsighted have been left behind as vision correction progressed RK (radial keratonomy), PRK (photorefractive keratectomy) even LASIK (Laser In-situ Keratomileusis) initially, were all treatments designed specifically for the nearsighted, said world-renowned ophthalmologist Marguerite B. McDonald, MD, checkup monitor for the FDA clinical trials, director of the Southern Vision Institute and clinical professor of ophthalmology at Tulane University, New Orleans, La. CK is one of the first procedures designed specifically for the millions of people with hyperopia.(more)FDA Approves CKPage 2 of 4Due to the flatness of the cornea, farsightedness is the most difficult disorder to treat with LASIK and the most likely to cause complications, according to Robert K. Maloney, MD, headland FDA clinical investigator and director of the Maloney-Seibel Vision Institute in Santa Monica, Calif.Hyperopic LASIK accounts for about 20 percent of my practice, unless 80 percent of the complications, because hypermetropic patients are more likely, after LASIK, to get dry eyes, hazy vision or poor quality of vision, said Dr. Maloney. purpose Appeals to Risk-Adverse Baby BoomersBaby Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) comprise the largest segment of the farsighted population, and many view the need for glasses as a sign of aging. Yet, hyperopic procedures comprised only a small share of the nearly 2 million U.S. refractive surgeries performed last year. Consumer research indicates that, to date, very few people between the ages of 40 to 60 have even considered vision correction surgery, as they tend to be more conservative and risk-adverse than their younger, nearsighted (myopic) counterparts.business release essays research documentFDA APPROVES REFRACTECs CKSM (Conductive KeratoplastySM) NON-LASER PROCEDURE FOR FARSIGHTEDNESS CK Uses Radiofrequen cy Energy, Instead of a Laser, to Reshape the Cornea Without Cutting or Removing TissueIRVINE, Calif., April 16, 2002 Ophthalmic device manufacturer Refractec Inc. today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved CK (Conductive Keratoplasty), a procedure for farsightedness (hyperopia) in people over age 40. CK utilizes the controlled release of radiofrequency (RF) energy, instead of a laser or scalpel, to reshape the cornea. The minimally invasive CK procedure takes less than three minutes and is done in-office with only topical (eye drop) anesthesia. Farsightedness, which occurs when the cornea is too flat or the eye is too short, is the most common vision disorder in America and affects more than 60 million people over age 40. Symptoms include difficulty reading menus, a computer screen and seeing to drive at night, or the need to constantly reposition reading material to find the right focus. For years, the farsighted have been left behind as vision correc tion progressed RK (radial keratonomy), PRK (photorefractive keratectomy) even LASIK (Laser In-situ Keratomileusis) initially, were all treatments designed specifically for the nearsighted, said world-renowned ophthalmologist Marguerite B. McDonald, MD, medical monitor for the FDA clinical trials, director of the Southern Vision Institute and clinical professor of ophthalmology at Tulane University, New Orleans, La. CK is one of the first procedures designed specifically for the millions of people with hyperopia.(more)FDA Approves CKPage 2 of 4Due to the flatness of the cornea, farsightedness is the most difficult disorder to treat with LASIK and the most likely to cause complications, according to Robert K. Maloney, MD, principal FDA clinical investigator and director of the Maloney-Seibel Vision Institute in Santa Monica, Calif.Hyperopic LASIK accounts for about 20 percent of my practice, but 80 percent of the complications, because hyperopic patients are more likely, after LASIK, to get dry eyes, hazy vision or poor quality of vision, said Dr. Maloney. Procedure Appeals to Risk-Adverse Baby BoomersBaby Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) comprise the largest segment of the farsighted population, and many view the need for glasses as a sign of aging. Yet, hyperopic procedures comprised only a small percentage of the nearly 2 million U.S. refractive surgeries performed last year. Consumer research indicates that, to date, very few people between the ages of 40 to 60 have even considered vision correction surgery, as they tend to be more conservative and risk-adverse than their younger, nearsighted (myopic) counterparts.

Gauguin :: Essays Papers

GauguinGauguin was born in Paris on June 7, 1848, into a self-aggrandising middle-class family. After an adventurous early life, including a four-year stay in Peru with his family and a stint in the French merchant marine, he became a boffo Parisian stockbroker, settling into a comfortable bourgeois existence with his wife and five children. In 1874, after meeting the artist Camille Pissarro and viewing the first impressionistic exhibition, he became a collector and amateur painter. He exhibited with the Impressionists in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1886. In 1883 he gave up his secure existence to devote himself to painting his wife and children, without up to(predicate) subsistence, were forced to return to her family. From 1886 to 1891 Gauguin lived mainly in rural Brittany (except for a trip to Panama and Martinique from 1887 to 1888), where he was the centre of a small group of experimental painters cognize as the School of Pont-Aven. Under the influence of the painter mile Bernard, Gauguin turned away from Impressionism and adopted a less naturalistic style, which he called Synthetism. He base his inspiration in the art of indigenous peoples, in medieval stained glass, and in Japanese prints he was introduced to Japanese prints by Vincent van Gogh when they fagged two months together in Arles, in the South of France, in 1888. Gauguins new style was characterized by the use of large flat areas of non-naturalistic colour, as in The xanthous Christ (1889, Albright-Knox contrivance Gallery, Buffalo, New York State). In 1891, ruined and in debt, Gauguin sailed for the South Seas to escape European civilization and everything that is artificial and conventional. Except for one subvert to France from 1893 to 1895, he remained in the Tropics for the rest of his life, first in Tahiti and later in the Marquesas Islands. The essential characteristics of his style changed little in the South Seas he carry the qualities of expressive colour, denial of perspe ctive, and thick, flat forms. Under the influence of the tropical setting and culture of Polynesia, however, Gauguins paintings became more powerful, while his subject-matter became more distinctive, the scale of his paintings larger, and his compositions more simplified. His subjects ranged from scenes of ordinary life, such(prenominal) as Tahitian Women, or On the Beach (1891, Muse dOrsay, Paris), to brooding scenes of superstitious dread, such as Spirit of the Dead Watching (1892, Albright-Knox Art Gallery).